Internet Country Codes

In addition to the more common internet extensions such as .COM, .ORG, there are a whole series of other codes that represent each country or territory in the world. Some of these, such as .US for United States, can only be used by sites that have a presence in that country (del.icio.us the social networking site uses the .us creatively make its spelling the same as the word delicious other country codes can be used by anyone . Some of the more popular ones, because the extension implies something other than the country are:

.pw for Palu but implies Personal Website

.tv for Tuvalu but implies Television

.ws for Western Samoa but implies Web Site

Each of the above is a sovereign nation but their country codes are becoming more common as the code represents something else in most people's minds.

Below is a list of country codes in alphabetical order by country or territory. For a more complete explanation of country codes and their history and use please see my article on this entitled Cyber Geography - Internet Country Codes Explained

Country or Territory Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Ascension Island Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Republic of Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia/Hrvatska Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia European Union Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard and McDonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Democratic People's Republic Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of . Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova, Republic of Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory, Occupied Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Island Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Island Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Soviet Union (being phased out) Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Kingdom United States United States Minor Outlying Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Wallis and Futuna Islands Western Sahara Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe

Country Code .af .ax .al .dz .as .ad .ao .ai .aq .ag .ar .am .aw .ac .au .at .az .bs .bh .bd .bb .by .be .bz .bj .bm .bt .bo .ba .bw .bv .br .io .bn .bg .bf .bi .kh .cm .ca .cv .ky .cf .td .cl .cn .cx .cc .co .km .cg .cd .ck .cr .ci .hr .cu .cy .cz .dk .dj .dm .do .tp .ec .eg .sv .gq .er .ee .et .eu .fk .fo .fj .fi .fr .gf .pf .tf .ga .gm .ge .de .gh .gi .gr gl – .gd .gp .gu .gt .gg .gn .gw .gy .ht .hm .va .hn .hk .hu .is .in .id .ir .iq .ie .im .il .it .jm .jp .je .jo .kz .ke .ki .kp .kr .kw .kg .la .lv .lb .ls .lr .ly .li .lt .lu .mo .mk .mg .mw .my .mv .ml .mt .mh .mq .mr .mu .yt .mx .fm .md .mc .mn .me .ms .ma .mz .mm .na .nl .an .nc .nz .ni .ne .ng .nf .mp .no .om .pk .pw .ps .pa .pg .py .pe .ph .pn .pl .pt .pr .qa .re .ro .ru .rw .sh .kn .lc .pm .vc .ws .sm .st .sa .sn .rs .sc .sl .sg .sk .si .sb .so .za .gs .su .es .lk .sd .sr .sj .sz .se .ch .sy .tw .tj .tz .th .tl .tg .tk .to .tt .tn .tr .tm .tc .tv .ug .ua .ae .gb .uk .us .um .uy .uz .vu .ve .vn .vg .vi .wf .eh .ye .yu .zm .zw

Money, Banking and the Federal Reserve

The attached video is a lecture from the Mises Institute (http://mises.org) explaining the differences between a monetary system based upon a 100% gold standard banking system and a fractional reserve banking system. The concepts discussed in the video are based upon the writings of the late econmist Murray Rothbard one of the outstanding economists of the Austrian School of Economics during the last half of the 20th century.

I Do Not Give A’s in My Courses

Students who are enrolled in my ECN 200, ECN 201 and ECN 202 this semester, you did read the title correctly. To repeat, I Do Not Give A’s in My Courses. HOWEVER, before you rush to drop or add my courses, I do want to state that I Do RECORD and REPORT Grades for Students in My Courses and will record and report a grade of A for every student who earns one.

Before you dismiss this as an exercise in semantics, let me explain that, at the end of every semester, I receive requests from students asking me to give them an A for the course. A few years ago people would email or call me a week or less before the end of the semester asking for an extra project so they could bring their grade up. I always refused to give them an extra assignment feeling that this would be unfair to other students who would not have same opportunity as the student requesting the assignment to bring their grade up. Changing or modifying the rules in the waning hours of the semester is not only, not fair, but also trivializes the grading process. If I let anyone who comes to me at the last minute re-do work until they get their grade up to an A why bother reading and correcting tests and assignments all semester? Why not just give everyone a ‘A’ the first day of class and be done with it?

Apparently some students have come to believe that my job is to simply hand out A grades for the asking. In recent semesters I have been receiving emails the last 2 -3 days of the semester from a few students either informing me of their desperate need for an A and asking that I give them one, or, as one student boldly sent me an email a year or so ago which went something like this:

Mr Nugent,

This is (student's name).
(Name of second student) and I are in your ECN 20X class and I am writing to you to let you know that both (name of second student) and I will need an 'A' for this course.

This is important and I appreciate your taking care of this.

(Student's Name)

I am not Santa Claus. Since all three courses I teach are basically self-study, I prepare and make available all tests and assignments at the beginning of the course. My syllabus for each course is published on-line 2 – 4 weeks or more before the start of the semester and the syllabus contains a clear rubric explaining the grading process. I never use a curve for grading. Instead, I use a 1,000 point scale for grading as follows:

920 – 1000 points A
820 – 919 points B
740 – 819 points C
650 – 739 points D
Below 650 points F

Each test and assignment has a point value and the point values of all the tests and assignments add up to 1,000 points. Since I don’t use a curve in calculating the grades every student has an equal chance to get an ‘A’ and if everyone in the class EARNS 920 or more points I will gladly give everyone an 'A'.

In addition to having access to all the work at or near the start of the course (the mid-term and final exams are exceptions as they are closed book and not available until taken in the proctored test center), I include comments on all work I return in order to help the students better understand the material as well as being available on Monday evenings from 6 – 9 to meet with students.

Anyone who wants an ‘A’ can get one with some effort. The secret to getting an ‘A’ is to start now, at the beginning of the semester, complete the assignments and tests and submit them in a timely manner which will allow me to correct them, add comments and return then to you in time for you to take advantage of the comments as you work on the next assignments and tests. If you don’t understand something or are having problems with some concepts send me an email or come in to the NELC between 6 and 8 on a Monday evening and we will discuss it. This course is not that difficult if you do it a section at a time and seek help when you have problems. However, the content is too large and too complicated for the average student to read the book, do the assigned readings and, in the case of my telecourse students, watch all the videos and then complete all the assignments in a week or less and expect to pass, let alone earn an ‘A’.